怎么做wp网站西安网站seo费用

二层网络

我们用Linux bridge模拟现实中的switch，用namespace模拟连接在交换机上的pc

整体拓扑

+------------------+     +------------------+     +------------------+
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|       ns1        |     |       ns2        |     |       ns3        |
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |     |                  |
|  192.168.1.1/24  |     |  192.168.1.2/24  |     |  192.168.1.3/24  |
+----(veth-ns1)----+     +----(veth-ns2)----+     +----(veth-ns3)----++                          +                        +|                          |                        ||                          |                        |+                          +                        +
+--(veth-ns1-br)-------------(veth-ns2-br)------------(veth-ns3-br)--+
|                                                                    |
|                           linux-bridge                             |
|                                                                    |
+--------------------------------------------------------------------+

其中ns1、ns2、n3分别表示三条pc，linux-bridge为switch，veth设备可以看作网线

相关配置

配置namespace

root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns3
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns list
ns3
ns2
ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~#

创建switch

root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl addbr virtual-bridge
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl show
bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
virtual-bridge          8000.000000000000       no

创建veth设备

创建veth pair，然后将veth pair一端的虚拟网卡加入到namespace，再将另一端通过brctl addif命令加入到网桥上。这样就相当于用一条网线将三个namespace连接到了网桥上

root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link add veth-ns1 type veth peer name veth-ns1-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns1 netns ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl addif virtual-bridge veth-ns1-brroot@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link add veth-ns2 type veth peer name veth-ns2-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns2 netns ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl addif virtual-bridge veth-ns2-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt#
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link add veth-ns3 type veth peer name veth-ns3-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns3 netns ns3
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl addif virtual-bridge veth-ns3-brroot@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns1 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
5: veth-ns1@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 8a:b8:cd:5d:e6:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns3 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
9: veth-ns3@if8: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether ca:f2:a3:de:a3:d5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns2 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
7: veth-ns2@if6: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 5e:9b:f6:00:fc:df brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# brctl show
bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
virtual-bridge          8000.1641be237cac       no              veth-ns1-brveth-ns2-brveth-ns3

配置veth的IP

为三个namespace中的虚拟网卡设置IP地址，这些IP地址位于同一个子网192.168.1.0/24中

root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns1 addr add local 192.168.1.1/24 dev veth-ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns2 addr add local 192.168.1.2/24 dev veth-ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns3 addr add local 192.168.1.3/24 dev veth-ns3
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns1 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
5: veth-ns1@if4: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 8a:b8:cd:5d:e6:7f brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0inet 192.168.1.1/24 scope global veth-ns1valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt#
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt#
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns2 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
7: veth-ns2@if6: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether 5e:9b:f6:00:fc:df brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0inet 192.168.1.2/24 scope global veth-ns2valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt#
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt#
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns3 a
1: lo: <LOOPBACK> mtu 65536 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1link/loopback 00:00:00:00:00:00 brd 00:00:00:00:00:00
9: veth-ns3@if8: <BROADCAST,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 qdisc noop state DOWN group default qlen 1000link/ether ca:f2:a3:de:a3:d5 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff link-netnsid 0inet 192.168.1.3/24 scope global veth-ns3valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever

启动veth

root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set virtual-bridge up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns1-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns2-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip link set veth-ns3-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns1 link set veth-ns1 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns2 link set veth-ns2 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:/etc/apt# ip -n ns3 link set veth-ns3 up

测试

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.083 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.050 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=64 time=0.048 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=4 ttl=64 time=0.058 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=5 ttl=64 time=0.055 ms

下面仔细看一下网络报文是怎么转发的：同一个网段通过二层进行通信，也就是使用mac地址互相访问。但是每个ns并不知道其他ns的mac地址，应用程序还是用的ip进行通信。所以建立网络连接的第一步是解析mac地址。下面通过抓包来看看这个过程：

先到ns1~ns3 删除之前已有的arp缓存，下面以ns1为例，ns2,ns3也要做类似操作，就不具体举例了。

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip neigh show dev veth-ns1
192.168.1.2 lladdr 7a:49:04:82:5c:65 STALE
[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip neigh del 192.168.1.2 dev veth-ns1
[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ip neigh show dev veth-ns1
[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]#

然后到ns2和ns3启动"tcpdump -i {device} -nel"，ns1 ping ns3 , 查看具体传输的报文：
ns1:

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# ip netns exec ns1 ping -c 1 192.168.1.3
PING 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.087 ms--- 192.168.1.3 ping statistics ---
1 packets transmitted, 1 received, 0% packet loss, time 0ms
rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.087/0.087/0.087/0.000 ms

抓包结果如下
ns2:

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# tcpdump -i veth-ns2 -nel
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on veth-ns2, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
15:42:49.908862 b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 > 33:33:00:00:00:02, ethertype IPv6 (0x86dd), length 70: fe80::b058:abff:fe9c:8b03 > ff02::2: ICMP6, router solicitation, length 16
15:43:03.240818 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d > Broadcast, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Request who-has 192.168.1.3 tell 192.168.1.1, length 28

ns3:

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# tcpdump -i veth-ns3 -nel
dropped privs to tcpdump
tcpdump: verbose output suppressed, use -v or -vv for full protocol decode
listening on veth-ns3, link-type EN10MB (Ethernet), capture size 262144 bytes
15:42:49.908815 b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 > 33:33:00:00:00:02, ethertype IPv6 (0x86dd), length 70: fe80::b058:abff:fe9c:8b03 > ff02::2: ICMP6, router solicitation, length 16
15:43:03.240802 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d > Broadcast, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Request who-has 192.168.1.3 tell 192.168.1.1, length 28
15:43:03.240815 b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 > 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Reply 192.168.1.3 is-at b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03, length 28
15:43:03.240830 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d > b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 192.168.1.1 > 192.168.1.3: ICMP echo request, id 7675, seq 1, length 64
15:43:03.240840 b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 > 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d, ethertype IPv4 (0x0800), length 98: 192.168.1.3 > 192.168.1.1: ICMP echo reply, id 7675, seq 1, length 64
15:43:08.340788 b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 > 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Request who-has 192.168.1.1 tell 192.168.1.3, length 28
15:43:08.340837 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d > b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03, ethertype ARP (0x0806), length 42: Reply 192.168.1.1 is-at 42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d, length 28

从上面可以看到，初始情况，ns1要通过arp广播(地址是ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff)解析192.168.1.3对应的mac地址，相当于到一个微信群里面@所有人 谁的ip是192.168.1.3。所以ns2和ns3都收到了同样的广播报文，但是只有ns3通过单播（相当于微信的私聊）做了回复，目标mac是ns1的mac地址。

下面看看这个过程中，交换机做了什么。到switch上可以查看交换机的fdb表（在物理交换机叫mac-address table）

[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# bridge fdb show br virtual-bridge
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev dev virtual-bridge self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev dev virtual-bridge self permanent
33:33:ff:ba:35:ad dev dev virtual-bridge self permanent
42:17:f1:4d:8a:0d dev dev veth-ns1-br master virtual-bridge 
5e:09:23:ba:35:ad dev dev veth-ns1-br vlan 1 master virtual-bridge permanent
5e:09:23:ba:35:ad dev dev veth-ns1-br master virtual-bridge permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns1-br self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns1-br self permanent
33:33:ff:ba:35:ad dev dev veth-ns1-br self permanent
7a:49:04:82:5c:65 dev dev veth-ns2-br master virtual-bridge 
a2:b4:56:53:f6:f2 dev dev veth-ns2-br vlan 1 master virtual-bridge permanent
a2:b4:56:53:f6:f2 dev dev veth-ns2-br master virtual-bridge permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns2-br self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns2-br self permanent
33:33:ff:53:f6:f2 dev dev veth-ns2-br self permanent
b2:58:ab:9c:8b:03 dev dev veth-ns3-br master virtual-bridge 
ea:71:03:73:3c:6e dev dev veth-ns3-br vlan 1 master virtual-bridge permanent
ea:71:03:73:3c:6e dev dev veth-ns3-br master virtual-bridge permanent
33:33:00:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns3-br self permanent
01:00:5e:00:00:01 dev dev veth-ns3-br self permanent
33:33:ff:73:3c:6e dev dev veth-ns3-br self permanent

包含 permanent 的表示bridge和端口的物理地址

# 其中 227/227 表示最近一次的”使用时间/更新时间“，单位是秒
[root@i-pvirg1hu ~]# bridge -statistics fdb show br virtual-bridge | grep -v perman
7a:49:04:82:5c:65 dev dev veth-ns2-br used 227/227 master virtual-bridge

它表示目标是7a:49:04:82:5c:65的报文发到 veth-ns2-br端口，也就是mac和端口的映射关系。初始状态的交换机这个表项是空白的，通过arp泛洪学习的机制来创建：

• 在端口收到报文时，记录源mac地址和当前时间到fdb表
• 如果报文的目标mac能在fdb表中能查到，则转发给对应端口
• 如果报文的目标mac是广播地址，未知单播或者组播， 又叫BUM(broadcast unknown-unicast multicast)，发到所有端口
• fdb表记录的时间超过老化时间后（通常是5分钟），自动删除记录
  上面例子的 used 227/227 表示这个mac地址上次学习到的时间是72秒前。只要持续有流量转发，就会不断重置时间。

三层网络

拓扑如下

route: default gw 192.168.1.1                                     route: default gw 192.168.2.1(VM1)                                                           (VM2)        
+------------------+     +------------------+                   +------------------+     +------------------+
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|       ns1        |     |       ns2        |                   |       ns1        |     |       ns2        |
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|                  |     |                  |                   |                  |     |                  |
|  192.168.1.2/24  |     |  192.168.1.3/24  |                   |  192.168.2.2/24  |     |  192.168.2.3/24  |
+---+(veth-ns1)+---+     +---+(veth-ns2)+---+                   +---+(veth-ns1)+---+     +---+(veth-ns2)+---++                          +                                    +                          +|                          |                                    |                          ||                          |                                    |                          |+                          +                                    +                          +
+-+(veth-ns1-br)+-----------+(veth-ns2-br)+-+                   +-+(veth-ns1-br)+-----------+(veth-ns2-br)+-+
|                                           |                   |                                           |
|               Linux bridge                |                   |               Linux bridge                |
|                                           |                   |                                           |
+-----------------(br0)---------------------+                   +-----------------(br0)---------------------+|                                                               ||                                                               ||                                                               |
+-----------------(br0)---------------------+                   +-----------------(br0)---------------------+
|            192.168.1.1/24                 |                   |            192.168.2.1/24                 |
|        default network namespace          |                   |        default network namespace          |
|       (Linux Kernel IP Forwarding)        |                   |       (Linux Kernel IP Forwarding)        |
|                                           |                   |                                           |
|              172.16.0.3                   |                   |               172.16.0.2                  |
+-----------------(eth0)--------------------+                   +-----------------(eth0)--------------------++                                                              +| route: 192.168.2.0/24 via 172.16.0.2                         |  route: 192.168.1.0/24 via 172.16.0.3|                                                              ||                                                              ||                                                              |+--------------------------------------------------------------+

配置

vm1配置

root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link add veth-ns1 type veth peer name veth-ns1-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link add veth-ns2 type veth peer name veth-ns2-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns1 netns ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns2 netns ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addbr br0
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addif br0 veth-ns1-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addif br0 veth-ns2-b
# 设置ip
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 a a 192.168.1.2/24 dev veth-ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 a a 192.168.1.3/24 dev veth-ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip a a 192.168.1.1/24 dev br0
# up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set br0 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns1-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns2-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 link set veth-ns1 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 link set veth-ns2 up
# 配置默认路由
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 route add default via 192.168.1.1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 route add default via 192.168.1.1

vm2配置

root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns add ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link add veth-ns1 type veth peer name veth-ns1-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link add veth-ns2 type veth peer name veth-ns2-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns1 netns ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns2 netns ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addbr br0
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addif br0 veth-ns1-br
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# brctl addif br0 veth-ns2-b
# 设置ip
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 a a 192.168.2.2/24 dev veth-ns1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 a a 192.168.2.3/24 dev veth-ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip a a 192.168.2.1/24 dev br0
# up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set br0 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns1-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip link set veth-ns2-br up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 link set veth-ns1 up
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 link set veth-ns2 up
# 配置默认路由
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns1 route add default via 192.168.2.1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip -n ns2 route add default via 192.168.2.1

这个时候vm1和vm2各自的ns1和ns2是通的，同时，ns各自到主机的网络也是通的

# 到本机ns2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.1.3
PING 192.168.1.3 (192.168.1.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.053 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.052 ms
# 到本机
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns exec ns1 ping 172.16.0.3
PING 172.16.0.3 (172.16.0.3) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 172.16.0.3: icmp_seq=1 ttl=64 time=0.038 ms
64 bytes from 172.16.0.3: icmp_seq=2 ttl=64 time=0.046 ms

但是vm1到vm2是不通的，我们需要最后在主机上配置路由来联通两个vm

# 在vm1上
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip route add 192.168.2.0/24 via 172.16.0.2
# 在vm2上
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip route add 192.168.1.0/24 via 172.16.0.3

测试

# vm1
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.2.2
PING 192.168.2.2 (192.168.2.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.310 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.2.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=0.275 ms
# vm2
root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns exec ns1 ping 192.168.1.2
PING 192.168.1.2 (192.168.1.2) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.223 ms
64 bytes from 192.168.1.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=0.266 ms

我们看到ttl=62，代表经历了两次路由到达对端

我们做一下路由追踪

root@i-pvirg1hu:~# ip netns exec ns1 traceroute 192.168.2.2
traceroute to 192.168.2.2 (192.168.2.2), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets1  192.168.1.1 (192.168.1.1)  0.030 ms  0.007 ms  0.005 ms2  172.16.0.2 (172.16.0.2)  0.254 ms  0.231 ms  0.220 ms3  192.168.2.2 (192.168.2.2)  0.212 ms  0.243 ms  0.239 ms

1、ns1向外发送一个ICMP数据包，源地址为192.168.1.2，目的地址为192.168.2.2
2、 因为目的地址192.168.2.2和源地址192.168.1.2不在同一子网上，因此数据包被发送到缺省网关192.168.1.1，也就是Linux bridge内部的自带网卡br0
3、 br0收到该数据包后，主机根据路由条目192.168.2.0/24 via 172.16.0.2判断应该将该数据包发送到对端网卡上，对端根据本地路由将数据包发送给br0，
4、 br0将数据包送到目的地址192.168.2.2