临汾网站开发市场调研的基本流程

一、前言

我的环境：

• 语言环境：Python3.6.5
• 编译器：jupyter notebook
• 深度学习环境：TensorFlow2.4.1

往期精彩内容：

• 卷积神经网络（CNN）实现mnist手写数字识别
• 卷积神经网络（CNN）多种图片分类的实现
• 卷积神经网络（CNN）衣服图像分类的实现
• 卷积神经网络（CNN）鲜花识别
• 卷积神经网络（CNN）天气识别
• 卷积神经网络（VGG-16）识别海贼王草帽一伙
• 卷积神经网络（ResNet-50）鸟类识别
• 卷积神经网络（AlexNet）鸟类识别

来自专栏：机器学习与深度学习算法推荐

二、前期工作

1. 设置GPU（如果使用的是CPU可以忽略这步）

import tensorflow as tfgpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices("GPU")if gpus:tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpus[0], True)  #设置GPU显存用量按需使用tf.config.set_visible_devices([gpus[0]],"GPU")

2. 导入数据

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 支持中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei']  # 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False  # 用来正常显示负号import os,PIL,random,pathlib# 设置随机种子尽可能使结果可以重现
import numpy as np
np.random.seed(1)# 设置随机种子尽可能使结果可以重现
import tensorflow as tf
tf.random.set_seed(1)

data_dir = "code"
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)all_image_paths = list(data_dir.glob('*'))
all_image_paths = [str(path) for path in all_image_paths]# 打乱数据
random.shuffle(all_image_paths)# 获取数据标签
all_label_names = [path.split("\\")[5].split(".")[0] for path in all_image_paths]image_count = len(all_image_paths)
print("图片总数为：",image_count)

3. 查看数据

plt.figure(figsize=(10,5))for i in range(20):plt.subplot(5,4,i+1)plt.xticks([])plt.yticks([])plt.grid(False)# 显示图片images = plt.imread(all_image_paths[i])plt.imshow(images)# 显示标签plt.xlabel(all_label_names[i])plt.show()

4.标签数字化

number   = ['0', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9']
alphabet = ['a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z']
char_set       = number + alphabet
char_set_len   = len(char_set)
label_name_len = len(all_label_names[0])# 将字符串数字化
def text2vec(text):vector = np.zeros([label_name_len, char_set_len])for i, c in enumerate(text):idx = char_set.index(c)vector[i][idx] = 1.0return vectorall_labels = [text2vec(i) for i in all_label_names]

二、构建一个tf.data.Dataset

1.预处理函数

def preprocess_image(image):image = tf.image.decode_jpeg(image, channels=1)image = tf.image.resize(image, [50, 200])return image/255.0def load_and_preprocess_image(path):image = tf.io.read_file(path)return preprocess_image(image)

2.加载数据

构建 tf.data.Dataset 最简单的方法就是使用 from_tensor_slices 方法。

AUTOTUNE = tf.data.experimental.AUTOTUNEpath_ds  = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(all_image_paths)
image_ds = path_ds.map(load_and_preprocess_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
label_ds = tf.data.Dataset.from_tensor_slices(all_labels)image_label_ds = tf.data.Dataset.zip((image_ds, label_ds))
image_label_ds

<ZipDataset shapes: ((50, 200, 1), (5, 36)), types: (tf.float32, tf.float64)>

train_ds = image_label_ds.take(1000)  # 前1000个batch
val_ds   = image_label_ds.skip(1000)  # 跳过前1000，选取后面的

3.配置数据

先复习一下prefetch()函数。prefetch()功能详细介绍：CPU 正在准备数据时，加速器处于空闲状态。相反，当加速器正在训练模型时，CPU 处于空闲状态。因此，训练所用的时间是 CPU 预处理时间和加速器训练时间的总和。prefetch()将训练步骤的预处理和模型执行过程重叠到一起。当加速器正在执行第 N 个训练步时，CPU 正在准备第 N+1 步的数据。这样做不仅可以最大限度地缩短训练的单步用时（而不是总用时），而且可以缩短提取和转换数据所需的时间。如果不使用prefetch()，CPU 和 GPU/TPU 在大部分时间都处于空闲状态：

BATCH_SIZE = 16train_ds = train_ds.batch(BATCH_SIZE)
train_ds = train_ds.prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)val_ds = val_ds.batch(BATCH_SIZE)
val_ds = val_ds.prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds

三、搭建网络模型

from tensorflow.keras import datasets, layers, modelsmodel = models.Sequential([layers.Conv2D(32, (3, 3), activation='relu', input_shape=(50, 200, 1)),#卷积层1，卷积核3*3layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),                   #池化层1，2*2采样layers.Conv2D(64, (3, 3), activation='relu'),  #卷积层2，卷积核3*3layers.MaxPooling2D((2, 2)),                   #池化层2，2*2采样layers.Flatten(),                              #Flatten层，连接卷积层与全连接层layers.Dense(1000, activation='relu'),         #全连接层，特征进一步提取layers.Dense(label_name_len * char_set_len),layers.Reshape([label_name_len, char_set_len]),layers.Softmax()                               #输出层，输出预期结果
])
# 打印网络结构
model.summary()

Model: "sequential"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type)                 Output Shape              Param #   
=================================================================
conv2d (Conv2D)              (None, 48, 198, 32)       320       
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d (MaxPooling2D) (None, 24, 99, 32)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
conv2d_1 (Conv2D)            (None, 22, 97, 64)        18496     
_________________________________________________________________
max_pooling2d_1 (MaxPooling2 (None, 11, 48, 64)        0         
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten)            (None, 33792)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
dense (Dense)                (None, 1000)              33793000  
_________________________________________________________________
dense_1 (Dense)              (None, 180)               180180    
_________________________________________________________________
reshape (Reshape)            (None, 5, 36)             0         
_________________________________________________________________
softmax (Softmax)            (None, 5, 36)             0         
=================================================================
Total params: 33,991,996
Trainable params: 33,991,996
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________

四、编译

model.compile(optimizer="adam",loss='categorical_crossentropy',metrics=['accuracy'])

五、训练

epochs = 20history = model.fit(train_ds,validation_data=val_ds,epochs=epochs
)

Epoch 1/20
63/63 [==============================] - 4s 21ms/step - loss: 3.2998 - accuracy: 0.0934 - val_loss: 2.2876 - val_accuracy: 0.2943
Epoch 2/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 9ms/step - loss: 1.7016 - accuracy: 0.5195 - val_loss: 1.2014 - val_accuracy: 0.6314
Epoch 3/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.5267 - accuracy: 0.8379 - val_loss: 0.9039 - val_accuracy: 0.7286
Epoch 4/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.1911 - accuracy: 0.9442 - val_loss: 0.8609 - val_accuracy: 0.7457
Epoch 5/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0916 - accuracy: 0.9714 - val_loss: 0.8937 - val_accuracy: 0.7886
Epoch 6/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0680 - accuracy: 0.9798 - val_loss: 0.5842 - val_accuracy: 0.8429
Epoch 7/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0443 - accuracy: 0.9900 - val_loss: 0.6235 - val_accuracy: 0.8200
Epoch 8/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0203 - accuracy: 0.9947 - val_loss: 0.7697 - val_accuracy: 0.8029
Epoch 9/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0131 - accuracy: 0.9975 - val_loss: 0.6660 - val_accuracy: 0.8314
Epoch 10/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0227 - accuracy: 0.9940 - val_loss: 0.6018 - val_accuracy: 0.8229
Epoch 11/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0093 - accuracy: 0.9985 - val_loss: 0.5714 - val_accuracy: 0.8429
Epoch 12/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 0.0010 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5793 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 13/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 2.6284e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.5920 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 14/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 1.8502e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6031 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 15/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 1.4164e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6120 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 16/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 1.1334e-04 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6198 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 17/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 9.4027e-05 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6269 - val_accuracy: 0.8571
Epoch 18/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 8.0025e-05 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6335 - val_accuracy: 0.8514
Epoch 19/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 9ms/step - loss: 6.9294e-05 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6396 - val_accuracy: 0.8486
Epoch 20/20
63/63 [==============================] - 1s 10ms/step - loss: 6.0775e-05 - accuracy: 1.0000 - val_loss: 0.6448 - val_accuracy: 0.8486

六、模型评估

acc = history.history['accuracy']
val_acc = history.history['val_accuracy']loss = history.history['loss']
val_loss = history.history['val_loss']epochs_range = range(epochs)plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)plt.plot(epochs_range, acc, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, val_acc, label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, val_loss, label='Validation Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()

七、保存和加载模型

# 保存模型
model.save('model/12_model.h5')

# 加载模型
new_model = tf.keras.models.load_model('model/12_model.h5')

八、预测

def vec2text(vec):"""还原标签（向量->字符串）"""text = []for i, c in enumerate(vec):text.append(char_set[c])return "".join(text)plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))            # 图形的宽为10高为8for images, labels in val_ds.take(1):for i in range(6):ax = plt.subplot(5, 2, i + 1)  # 显示图片plt.imshow(images[i])# 需要给图片增加一个维度img_array = tf.expand_dims(images[i], 0) # 使用模型预测验证码predictions = model.predict(img_array)plt.title(vec2text(np.argmax(predictions, axis=2)[0]))plt.axis("off")