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原文链接

1、Optional作用

• 类位于：java.util.Optional
• 臭名昭著的空指针异常是导致Java应用程序失败的最常见原因；以前为了解决空指针异常，Google公司著名的Guava项目引入了Optional类，Guava通过使用检查空值的方式来防止代码污染，它鼓励程序员写更干净的代码；受到Google Guava的启发Optional类已经成为Java 8类库的一部分
• Optional实际上是个容器，它可以保存类型T的值，或者仅仅保存null，Optional提供很多有用的方法，这样我们就不用显式进行空值检测
• JDK8在线源码英文文档：https://nowjava.com/readcode/jdk8
• JDK8在线源码中文文档：https://www.matools.com/api/java8

2、常用API

构造相关

        // 空值实例Optional<Object> empty = Optional.empty();// 非空值实例Optional<String> nonEmpty = Optional.of("123");// 可空值实例Optional<Object> maybeEmpty = Optional.ofNullable(null);

get / orElse / orElseGet / orElseThrow

        Optional<Object> empty = Optional.empty();// get方法遇到空值会抛出异常NoSuchElementExceptionObject o = empty.get();// 如果存在，则返回值，否则返回传入的默认值Object orElse = empty.orElse("123");System.out.println(orElse);//123// 如果存在，则返回该值，否则返回 Supplier.get()的返回值Object orElseGet = empty.orElseGet(new Supplier<Object>() {@Overridepublic Object get() {return "abc";}});System.out.println(orElseGet);//abctry {// 如果存在,返回该值，否则抛出异常（此异常是Supplier.get()返回的）Object o = empty.orElseThrow(new Supplier<Throwable>() {@Overridepublic Throwable get() {return new NullPointerException();}});} catch (Throwable e) {throw new RuntimeException(e);}

isPresent / ifPresent

        // 判断值是否存在System.out.println(empty.isPresent());// false// 有值才会执行accept方法empty.ifPresent(new Consumer<Object>() {@Overridepublic void accept(Object o) {//System.out.println(o.hashCode());}});

filter

        Optional<String> s = Optional.of("11");// 如果存在值，并且该值与Predicate.test()匹配，则返回描述该值的Optional，否则返回空值的OptionalOptional<String> s1 = s.filter(new Predicate<String>() {@Overridepublic boolean test(String s) {return false;}});System.out.println(s1);// Optional.empty

map / flatMap

• map：apply返回的是Optional包装的值
• flatMap：apply方法返回是Optional

// map处理Optional<Object> optiona4 = Optional.ofNullable("abc");Optional<Object> o4 = optiona4.map(new Function<Object, Object>() {@Overridepublic Object apply(Object o) {System.out.println(o);//abcreturn "123";}});System.out.println(o4.get());//123// flatMap处理Optional<Object> optiona5 = Optional.ofNullable("efg");Optional<String> optiona6 = optiona5.flatMap(new Function<Object, Optional<String>>() {@Overridepublic Optional<String> apply(Object o) {System.out.println(o);//efgreturn Optional.of("456");}});System.out.println(optiona6.get());//456

3、源码翻译

package java.util;import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
import java.util.function.Supplier;/*** A container object which may or may not contain a non-null value.* 一个可能包含也可能不包含非null值的容器对象* If a value is present, {@code isPresent()} will return {@code true} and* {@code get()} will return the value.* 如果存在值，isPresent()将返回 true，get()将返回该值。** <p>Additional methods that depend on the presence or absence of a contained* value are provided, such as {@link #orElse(Object) orElse()}* (return a default value if value not present) and* {@link #ifPresent(Consumer) ifPresent()} (execute a block* of code if the value is present).* 还提供了依赖于包含值是否存在的其他方法，例如 orElse(Object) orElse()（如果值不存在，则返回默认值）* 和 ifPresent(Consumer) ifPresent()（如果值存在，则执行代码块）。** <p>This is a <a href="../lang/doc-files/ValueBased.html">value-based</a>* class; use of identity-sensitive operations (including reference equality* ({@code ==}), identity hash code, or synchronization) on instances of* {@code Optional} may have unpredictable results and should be avoided.** 这是一个 value-based 的类;* 在Optional实例上的身份敏感操作（包括引用相等性==、标识哈希代码或同步）可能会产生不可预知的结果，应避免使用。** @since 1.8*/
public final class Optional<T> {/*** Common instance for {@code empty()}.* empty()的常见实例*/private static final Optional<?> EMPTY = new Optional<>();/*** If non-null, the value; if null, indicates no value is present* 如果非空，则为值;如果为 null，则表示不存在任何值*/private final T value;/*** Constructs an empty instance.* 构造一个空实例** @implNote Generally only one empty instance, {@link Optional#EMPTY},* should exist per VM.* 通常，每个 VM 只能存在一个空实例*/private Optional() {this.value = null;}/*** Returns an empty {@code Optional} instance.  No value is present for this* Optional.* 返回一个空的Optional实例。此Optional不存在任何值。** @apiNote Though it may be tempting to do so, avoid testing if an object* is empty by comparing with {@code ==} against instances returned by* {@code Option.empty()}. There is no guarantee that it is a singleton.* Instead, use {@link #isPresent()}.* todo 此处解释不是太明白，比较对象为空？ 确保单例？* 尽管这样做可能很诱人，但请避免通过 == 与 Option.empty() 返回的实例来比较测试对象是否为空。* 不能保证它是单例。相反，请使用 isPresent()** @param <T> Type of the non-existent value* @return an empty {@code Optional}*/public static<T> Optional<T> empty() {@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")Optional<T> t = (Optional<T>) EMPTY;return t;}/*** Constructs an instance with the value present.* 构造一个有值的实例** @param value the non-null value to be present* @throws NullPointerException if value is null*/private Optional(T value) {this.value = Objects.requireNonNull(value);}/*** Returns an {@code Optional} with the specified present non-null value.** 返回具有指定的非空值的 Optional实例** @param <T> the class of the value* @param value the value to be present, which must be non-null 必须非空* @return an {@code Optional} with the value present* @throws NullPointerException if value is null*/public static <T> Optional<T> of(T value) {return new Optional<>(value);}/*** Returns an {@code Optional} describing the specified value, if non-null,* otherwise returns an empty {@code Optional}.* 返回描述指定值的 Optional实例，如果非 null，则返回空的Optional实例** @param <T> the class of the value* @param value the possibly-null value to describe 要描述的可能为空值* @return an {@code Optional} with a present value if the specified value* is non-null, otherwise an empty {@code Optional}*/public static <T> Optional<T> ofNullable(T value) {return value == null ? empty() : of(value);}/*** If a value is present in this {@code Optional}, returns the value,* otherwise throws {@code NoSuchElementException}.* 如果Optional里面有值，则返回该值，否则抛出异常NoSuchElementException** @return the non-null value held by this {@code Optional}* @throws NoSuchElementException if there is no value present** @see Optional#isPresent()*/public T get() {if (value == null) {throw new NoSuchElementException("No value present");}return value;}/*** Return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}.* 如果存在值，则返回 true，否则返回 false** @return {@code true} if there is a value present, otherwise {@code false}*/public boolean isPresent() {return value != null;}/*** If a value is present, invoke the specified consumer with the value,* otherwise do nothing.* 如果存在值，则使用该值调用指定的使用者，否则不执行任何操作** @param consumer block to be executed if a value is present* @throws NullPointerException if value is present and {@code consumer} is* null 如果值存在且consumer为空 就会抛出异常*/public void ifPresent(Consumer<? super T> consumer) {if (value != null)consumer.accept(value);}/*** If a value is present, and the value matches the given predicate,* return an {@code Optional} describing the value, otherwise return an* empty {@code Optional}.* 如果存在值，并且该值与Predicate.test()匹配，则返回描述该值的Optional，否则返回空值的Optional** @param predicate a predicate to apply to the value, if present* @return an {@code Optional} describing the value of this {@code Optional}* if a value is present and the value matches the given predicate,* otherwise an empty {@code Optional}* @throws NullPointerException if the predicate is null*/public Optional<T> filter(Predicate<? super T> predicate) {Objects.requireNonNull(predicate);if (!isPresent())return this;elsereturn predicate.test(value) ? this : empty();}/*** If a value is present, apply the provided mapping function to it,* and if the result is non-null, return an {@code Optional} describing the* result.  Otherwise return an empty {@code Optional}.* 如果存在值，则对其应用提供的映射函数，如果结果为非 null，则返回描述结果的 {@code Optional}。* 否则不存在值，返回空值的Optional** @apiNote This method supports post-processing on optional values, without* the need to explicitly check for a return status.  For example, the* following code traverses a stream of file names, selects one that has* not yet been processed, and then opens that file, returning an* {@code Optional<FileInputStream>}:* 此方法支持对可选值进行后处理，而无需显式检查返回状态。* 例如，以下代码遍历文件名流，选择尚未处理的文件名流，然后打开该文件，返回Optional<FileInputStream>** <pre>{@code*     Optional<FileInputStream> fis =*         names.stream().filter(name -> !isProcessedYet(name))*                       .findFirst()*                       .map(name -> new FileInputStream(name));* }</pre>** Here, {@code findFirst} returns an {@code Optional<String>}, and then* {@code map} returns an {@code Optional<FileInputStream>} for the desired* file if one exists.* 在这里，findFirst返回一个Optional<String>，然后map返回所需文件的Optional<FileInputStream>（如果存在）。** @param <U> The type of the result of the mapping function* @param mapper a mapping function to apply to the value, if present* @return an {@code Optional} describing the result of applying a mapping* function to the value of this {@code Optional}, if a value is present,* otherwise an empty {@code Optional}* @throws NullPointerException if the mapping function is null*/public<U> Optional<U> map(Function<? super T, ? extends U> mapper) {Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);if (!isPresent())return empty();else {return Optional.ofNullable(mapper.apply(value));}}/*** If a value is present, apply the provided {@code Optional}-bearing* mapping function to it, return that result, otherwise return an empty* {@code Optional}.  This method is similar to {@link #map(Function)},* but the provided mapper is one whose result is already an {@code Optional},* and if invoked, {@code flatMap} does not wrap it with an additional* {@code Optional}.** 如果存在值，请对其应用提供的 {@code 可选} 轴承映射函数，返回该结果，否则返回空的 {@code 可选}。** 此方法类似于map，但提供的映射器的结果已经是 Optional，如果调用flatMap会用额外的Optional包装它。** @param <U> The type parameter to the {@code Optional} returned by* @param mapper a mapping function to apply to the value, if present*           the mapping function* @return the result of applying an {@code Optional}-bearing mapping* function to the value of this {@code Optional}, if a value is present,* otherwise an empty {@code Optional}* @throws NullPointerException if the mapping function is null or returns* a null result*/public<U> Optional<U> flatMap(Function<? super T, Optional<U>> mapper) {Objects.requireNonNull(mapper);if (!isPresent())return empty();else {return Objects.requireNonNull(mapper.apply(value));}}/*** Return the value if present, otherwise return {@code other}.* 如果存在，则返回值，否则返回入参other** @param other the value to be returned if there is no value present, may* be null* @return the value, if present, otherwise {@code other}*/public T orElse(T other) {return value != null ? value : other;}/*** Return the value if present, otherwise invoke {@code other} and return* the result of that invocation.* 如果存在，则返回该值，否则返回 Supplier.get()的返回值** @param other a {@code Supplier} whose result is returned if no value* is present* @return the value if present otherwise the result of {@code other.get()}* @throws NullPointerException if value is not present and {@code other} is* null*/public T orElseGet(Supplier<? extends T> other) {return value != null ? value : other.get();}/*** Return the contained value, if present, otherwise throw an exception* to be created by the provided supplier.* 如果存在,返回该值，否则抛出异常（此异常是Supplier.get()返回的）** @apiNote A method reference to the exception constructor with an empty* argument list can be used as the supplier. For example,* {@code IllegalStateException::new}** @param <X> Type of the exception to be thrown* @param exceptionSupplier The supplier which will return the exception to* be thrown* @return the present value* @throws X if there is no value present* @throws NullPointerException if no value is present and* {@code exceptionSupplier} is null*/public <X extends Throwable> T orElseThrow(Supplier<? extends X> exceptionSupplier) throws X {if (value != null) {return value;} else {throw exceptionSupplier.get();}}/*** Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this Optional. The* other object is considered equal if:* 指示某个其他对象是否“等于”此可选对象。如果出现以下情况，则另一个对象被视为相等：* <ul>* <li>it is also an {@code Optional} and;* 它也是一个Optional* <li>both instances have no value present or;* 两个实例都不存在值或* <li>the present values are "equal to" each other via {@code equals()}.* 当前值通过 equals() 彼此“相等”* </ul>** @param obj an object to be tested for equality*            一个要测试相等的对象* @return {code true} if the other object is "equal to" this object* otherwise {@code false}** <ul> @param obj  @return {code true} 如果另一个对象“等于”这个对象，否则 {@code false}*/@Overridepublic boolean equals(Object obj) {if (this == obj) {return true;}if (!(obj instanceof Optional)) {return false;}Optional<?> other = (Optional<?>) obj;return Objects.equals(value, other.value);}/*** Returns the hash code value of the present value, if any, or 0 (zero) if* no value is present.* 返回当前值的哈希代码值（如果有）或 0（零）（如果不存在任何值）** @return hash code value of the present value or 0 if no value is present*/@Overridepublic int hashCode() {return Objects.hashCode(value);}/*** Returns a non-empty string representation of this Optional suitable for* debugging. The exact presentation format is unspecified and may vary* between implementations and versions.* 返回此 Optional 适合调试的非空字符串表示形式。* 确切的演示格式未指定，可能因实现和版本而异。** @implSpec If a value is present the result must include its string* representation in the result. Empty and present Optionals must be* unambiguously differentiable.* 如果存在值，则结果必须在结果中包含其字符串表示形式。空和存在值的Optionals 必须明确可区分。** @return the string representation of this instance*/@Overridepublic String toString() {return value != null? String.format("Optional[%s]", value): "Optional.empty";}
}